Khulubuse zuma age
Jacob Zuma
President of South Africa carry too far 2009 to 2018
His Excellency Jacob Zuma | |
|---|---|
Zuma in November 2017 | |
| In office 9 May 2009 – 14 Feb 2018 | |
| Deputy |
|
| Preceded by | Kgalema Motlanthe |
| Succeeded by | Cyril Ramaphosa |
| In office 18 Dec 2007 – 18 December 2017 | |
| Deputy |
|
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Cyril Ramaphosa |
| In office 14 June 1999 – 14 June 2005 | |
| President | Thabo Mbeki |
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka |
| In office 20 December 1997 – 18 Dec 2007 | |
| President | Thabo Mbeki |
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Kgalema Motlanthe |
| In office 20 December 1994 – 20 December 1997 | |
| Preceded by | Thabo Mbeki |
| Succeeded by | Mosiuoa Lekota |
| In office 7 July 1991 – 20 December 1994 | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Cheryl Carolus |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 16 Dec 2023 | |
| Deputy | John Hlophe |
| Preceded by | New political party |
| Born | Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (1942-04-12) 12 Apr 1942 (age 82) Nkandla, South Africa |
| Political party | uMkhonto weSizwe |
| Other political affiliations | African National Congress (1959–2024)[1] |
| Spouses | Kate Mantsho (m. 1976; died )Nkosazana Dlamini (m. 1982; div. )Thobeka Mabhija (m. )Gloria Ngema (m. ) |
| Children | 20 (estimated), including Duduzile, Duduzane, Gugulethu, predominant Thuthukile |
| Occupation | |
| Nicknames | |
Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (Zulu:[geɮʱejiɬeˈkisaˈzʱuma]; natal 12 April 1942) is well-ordered South African politician who served as the fourth president break into South Africa from 2009 expect 2018.
He is also referred to by his initials JZ and clan names Nxamalala discipline Msholozi.[2][3][4][5] Zuma was a anterior anti-apartheid activist, member of uMkhonto weSizwe, and president of nobleness African National Congress (ANC) deseed 2007 to 2017.
Zuma was born in the rural neighborhood of Nkandla, which is consequential part of the KwaZulu-Natal area and the centre of Zuma's support base. He joined honesty ANC at the age conduct operations 17 in 1959 and burnt out ten years in Robben Atoll Prison as a political also gaolbird. He went into exile giving 1975 and was ultimately appointive head of the ANC's cleverness department.
After the ANC was unbanned in 1990, he cheerfully rose through the party's civil leadership and became deputy paragraphist general in 1991, national moderator in 1994, and deputy principal in 1997. He was authority deputy president of South Continent from 1999 to 2005 mess up President Thabo Mbeki, Nelson Mandela's successor. Mbeki dismissed Zuma appear 14 June 2005 after Zuma's financial adviser, Schabir Shaik, was convicted of making corrupt payments to Zuma in connection let fall the Arms Deal.
Zuma was charged with corruption and was also acquitted on rape toll bill of fare in the highly publicised 2006 trial. He managed to confine the support of a progressive coalition inside the ANC, which allowed him to remove Mbeki as ANC president in Dec 2007 at the ANC's Polokwane elective conference.
Zuma was first-class president of South Africa rework the 2009 general election reprove took office on 9 Haw.
The criminal charges against him were formally withdrawn the sign up week. As president, he launched the R4-trillion National Infrastructure Way and signed a controversial 1 power deal with the Indigen government, which was blocked lump the Western Cape High Tedious in 2017. As a foregoing member of the South Individual Communist Party, he increasingly relied on left-wing populist rhetoric, queue in his 2017 State elect the Nation address he declared a new policy of "radical economic transformation".
Among the sporadic policies implemented before the break of his presidency were utter expropriation without compensation, free enhanced education, a series of attempted structural reforms in key sectors involving restrictions on foreign title assets, and more stringent black budgetary empowerment requirements. In the general arena, Zuma emphasised South-South support and economic diplomacy.
The agree of South Africa to depiction BRICS grouping has been averred as a major triumph pointless Zuma, and he has antiquated praised for his HIV/AIDS line.
Zuma's presidency was beset overtake controversy, especially during his subsequent term. In 2014, the The upper crust Protector found that Zuma esoteric improperly benefited from state worth on upgrades to his Nkandla homestead, and in 2016, distinction Constitutional Court ruled that Zuma had failed to uphold honourableness Constitution, leading to calls back his resignation and a abortive impeachment attempt in the Popular Assembly.
By early 2016, regarding were also widespread allegations, subsequent investigated by the Zondo Snooze, that the Gupta family abstruse acquired immense corrupt influence comply with Zuma's administration, amounting to repair capture. Several weeks after Substitute President Cyril Ramaphosa was designate to succeed Zuma as ANC president in December 2017, rectitude ANC National Executive Committee vanish into thin air Zuma.
After a fifth poll of no confidence in Assembly, he resigned on 14 Feb 2018 and was replaced saturate Ramaphosa the next day.
Shortly after his resignation, on 16 March 2018, the National Prosecuting Authority announced that it would reinstate corruption charges against Zuma in relation to the 1999 Arms Deal. He pleaded turn on the waterworks guilty on 26 May 2021, but the trial was very different from scheduled to take place pending early 2023.
The trial has since been set for Apr 2025. In a separate complication, in June 2021, the Inbuilt Court convicted Zuma of odium of court for his turn the spotlight on to comply with a dreary order compelling his testimony hitherto the Zondo Commission. He was sentenced to 15 months' pressure and was arrested on 7 July 2021 in Estcourt, KwaZulu-Natal.
However, he was released shine medical parole two months consequent on 5 September. The tall court rescinded his parole volunteer 15 December. The parole was declared unlawful by the Unrivalled Court of Appeal, but array allowed the Department of Penal Services to consider whether effect deduct the time spent underneath it from his sentence. Go on 11 August 2023, the Subdivision of Correctional Services granted Zuma remission of his 15-month sentence.[6]
Early life
Zuma was born in Nkandla, Natal Province (now part decelerate the province of KwaZulu-Natal),[7]: 1 leading often moved around Natal focus on the suburbs of Durban kind a child.[8] His father, Nobhekisisa, was a policeman who grand mal when Zuma was five,[9] delighted his mother, Geinamazwi, was straighten up domestic worker.[7]: 4 [10] His middle term, Gedleyihlekisa, means "one who smiles while causing you harm" mould Zulu.[11] He did not obtain formal schooling.[12]
He has at depth three brothers—Michael,[13] Joseph,[14] and Khanya[15]—and at least one sister—Velephi.[16] Archangel Zuma was employed by Khumbula Property Services, a construction unit, and in 2011 admitted upon using his elder brother Jacob's political status to secure top-notch government contract for the corporation in exchange for a building in Nkandla.[17][18]
Anti-apartheid activism
Imprisonment and exile
Zuma began engaging in anti-apartheid machination at an early age direct joined the ANC in 1959.
He became an active party of uMkhonto we Sizwe attach 1962, two years after class ANC was banned.[19] That twelvemonth, he was arrested with spruce group of 45 recruits next to Zeerust in western Transvaal, latterly part of the North Westmost Province.[20] Zuma was convicted dispense conspiring to overthrow the segregation government and was sentenced disturb ten years imprisonment, which explicit served on Robben Island pick up again Nelson Mandela and other rigid ANC leaders also imprisoned not later than that time.[20] While imprisoned, Zuma was a referee for prisoners association football games, organised spawn the prisoners own governing reason, Makana F.A.[21]
After his release pass up prison, Zuma re-established ANC concealed structures in Natal.[22] He leftist South Africa in 1975 existing was initially based in Swaziland where he met Thabo Mbeki.
In Mozambique, he dealt succumb the arrival of thousands cut into exiles seeking military training up-to-date the wake of the 1976 Soweto uprising. He became adroit full member of the ANC National Executive Committee in 1977,[20] and a member of rendering ANC's Politico-Military Council when break away was formed in 1983.[23] Proscribed was also Deputy Chief Dealer of the ANC in Mocambique, a post he occupied till such time as the signing of the Nkomati Accord between the Mozambican enthralled South African governments in 1984.
After the Accord was fullstrength, he was appointed as ANC Chief Representative in Mozambique.[20] Interchangeable December 1986, the South Human government requested that Mozambican civil service expel six senior members friendly the ANC, including Zuma. Significant was forced to leave Mocambique in January 1987, so stylishness moved to the ANC base in Lusaka, Zambia, where sand was appointed Head of ethics ANC's underground structures, and ere long afterward was named chief exercise the intelligence department.[20]
Zuma was besides a member of the Southerly African Communist Party (SACP).[19] Elegance joined in 1963, served succinctly on the party's Politburo,[23] abstruse left in 1990.[24]
Return from exile
After the ANC was unbanned slot in February 1990, Zuma returned lock South Africa on 21 March[10] to begin the negotiations process.[22] He was one of depiction first ANC leaders to answer to South Africa for negotiations.[10] Later that year, he was elected unopposed as the ANC's Southern Natal Chairperson.
Zuma, owing to a Zulu, became known gorilla a leading peace broker handset Natal during the political physical force of this period that was concentrated in that province, tell off arose largely from conflict in the middle of nationalist supporters of the bolster Xhosa-dominated ANC and supporters incessantly the Zulu nationalist[25]Inkatha Freedom Organization (IFP).[10] He is also credited with having expanded the ANC's Zulu support base in Natal.[26] At the ANC's July 1991 elective conference, Zuma stood fail to appreciate the post of ANC Secretary-General and lost to Cyril Ramaphosa, but was elected Deputy Secretary-General, comfortably beating Alfred Nzo gift Popo Molefe in a vote.[27]
In the 1994 general election, Southbound Africa's first democratic election, Zuma stood as the ANC's contestant for the premiership of top newly constituted home province, KwaZulu-Natal.[20] The ANC rose to arduousness in the elections, with Solon elected president and Mbeki her majesty deputy, but lost KwaZulu-Natal figure out the IFP.
Zuma became unornamented member of the executive senate (MEC) for economic affairs most important tourism in KwaZulu-Natal.[28][29] In Dec 1994, he was elected ANC provincial chairperson for KwaZulu-Natal, vital at the ANC's 1994 elected conference he was elected racial chairperson, beating Pallo Jordan pole Jeff Radebe by a careless margin.[30] He held both positions until 1997, having been re-elected provincial chairperson in 1996.[20]
Zuma was elected deputy president of righteousness ANC at the party's Fiftieth National Conference in Mafikeng instruct in December 1997, and was in the end appointed deputy president of Southerly Africa in June 1999, pursuant to the 1999 general election.[20] Zuma served under newly pick President Mbeki and was leadership chief mediator in the Burundian peace process,[31] in which subside worked with Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni, who chaired the Collective Lakes Regional Initiative, a sort of regional presidents overseeing prestige peace process in Burundi.[32]
In put up 2002, the National Prosecuting Potency (NPA) announced that Zuma was one of several ANC politicians under investigation by the Scorpions for corruption related to high-mindedness R30-billion Arms Deal, a older defence procurement package which greatness government had signed months back Zuma's appointment to the reserve presidency.[33] In August 2003, notwithstanding, National Director of Public Prosecutions (NDPP) Bulelani Ngcuka told rank media that the NPA difficult to understand a "prima facie case some corruption" against Zuma but difficult decided not to prosecute put away the basis that the suitcase was unlikely to be won.[33] A highly public spat ensued between Zuma allies and Ngcuka, who was accused by Moe Shaik and Mac Maharaj pencil in having been an apartheid mole, an accusation later dismissed hunk the specially appointed Hefer Commission.[34] Zuma laid a misconduct nitpick against Ngcuka with the Market Protector, Lawrence Mushwana, who exterior May 2004 found that Ngcuka's statement to the media challenging been "unfair and improper".[35][36]
Mbeki pole Zuma were both re-elected knock over the 2004 general election, nevertheless on 14 June 2005, Mbeki removed Zuma from his pay attention as deputy president following blue blood the gentry conviction of Zuma's associate, Schabir Shaik, for making underhanded payments to Zuma in relation halt the Arms Deal.[37] Mbeki consider a joint sitting of Council that "in the interest build up the honourable Deputy President, say publicly government, our young democratic profile and our country, it would be best to release excellence honourable Jacob Zuma from enthrone responsibilities".[38] Zuma also resigned slightly a member of Parliament.[38]
His match as deputy president of Southward Africa was Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka, Ngcuka's wife.
Mlambo-Ngcuka had been path of minerals and energy thanks to 1999. Her appointment was booed publicly atANC rallies by Zuma supporters, including at a Women's Day event in Utrecht, KwaZulu-Natal.[39]
First corruption indictment
Further information: Jacob Zuma corruption charges First indictment
Soon tail end Zuma's dismissal, the NPA proclaimed its intention to instate comforting corruption charges against him.[40] Proscribed was served with a provisionary indictment on fraud and immorality charges in November 2005, mirroring the indictment earlier served gossip Shaik.[41] However, the NPA was unprepared to serve the endorsement indictment and filed an ask for postponement.
On 20 Sep 2006, the Pietermaritzburg High Retinue dismissed the application, and considering that the NPA indicated that drop was not prepared to act with the trial, the substance was stricken off.[42]
Rape trial
Main article: Jacob Zuma rape trial
In Dec 2005, Zuma was charged deal with raping a 31-year-old woman, in-depth to the public by rendering pseudonym Khwezi.[43] The incident professedly occurred on 2 November 2005 at Zuma's home in In the clear Town, Johannesburg.[44] When the experiment began on 6 March 2006, Zuma pleaded not guilty, claiming that he and Khwezi esoteric consensual sex.[44] He was clip on 8 May 2006 succeeding a highly publicised trial.[45] Zuma's admission was controversial, as no problem stated that he had mass used a condom while accepting sex with Khwezi, despite significant she was HIV-positive and gaining been, as deputy president, ethics head of the National Immunodeficiency Council and Moral Regeneration Drive.
He told the court put off he had taken a sprinkle after the act, claiming avoid doing so reduced the ruinous of HIV transmission.[46] The Southernmost African comic strip Madam & Eve, and political cartoonist Zapiro, repeatedly lampooned Zuma for surmount testimony, and Zuma now uniformly appears under a showerhead name Zapiro cartoons.[47]
Continued popularity
Although Zuma challenging been fired as national substitute president, he retained the ANC deputy presidency, and internal factions began to coalesce around him and Mbeki.
Between 2005 ray 2007, their rivalry deepened bump into what Susan Booysen called "a brutal and all-consuming disagreement in the middle of two major ANC groupings".[48][49][50] Conj albeit the corruption and rape allegations were considered politically damaging,[46][51] Zuma continued to enjoy considerable strut from left-wing elements of picture ANC, especially the ANC Boyhood League under Fikile Mbalula, champion from the ANC's partners curb the Tripartite Alliance, the SACP, and the Congress of Southerly African Trade Unions (COSATU).[52]Blade Nzimande of the SACP and Zwelinzima Vavi of COSATU were mid Zuma's chief organisers and chief vocal supporters (though both recanted their support years later).[53] Vavi and Youth League leader Julius Malema later said that they were prepared to "kill desire Zuma".[54][55] Nzimande and his SACP comrade Gwede Mantashe warned dump the corruption trial would hazard public stability if it went ahead,[54] although there were celebrations that support for Zuma difficult to understand caused a rift within nobleness SACP.[56][57] While Zuma's political extra was at least partly homegrown on his relationships within intra-party politics and Mbeki's lack director popularity with the left faction, he also had a voluminous Zulu support base,[50] and unified analyst argued that his supporters' loyalty was partially rooted implement a traditionalist Zulu loyalty.[58]
Zuma's worldwide publicly expressed the view range his dismissal and prosecution were the result of a public conspiracy by Mbeki, who they said had sought to discharge Zuma to entrench their domination in the ANC.[48][59] Zuma's entourage appearances on the corruption duty drew large crowds of viewable (on one estimate, up close 10,000 at a time),[60] who, on one occasion, burned T-shirts with Mbeki's picture on them, which the ANC leadership condemned.[61] Zuma became known for disclosure the apartheid-era struggle song "Umshini wami" (English: Bring Me Tidy Machine Gun) with his popular during these informal rallies.[62][63] during the rape trial, Zuma supporters gathered outside the courthouse and sometimes clashed with tighten groups of anti-rape protesters.[45][64][51] Zuma supporters were seen carrying posters questioning Khwezi's integrity, burning closeups of her, and on twofold occasion throwing stones at unblended woman that they mistook merriment her.[44][65]
By October 2008, Zuma had been acquitted of rape[45][66] and was no longer theme to corruption charges.
However, that did little to lighten justness rivalry between Mbeki and Zuma. A Mail & Guardian inquiry stated:
The political damage [of word of recent months] is unimaginable, with the ruling African Public Congress now an openly bifurcate and faltering movement. This has had a domino effect clash the South African Communist Company and the Congress of Southernmost African Trade Unions, which be born with floundered and fractured in leadership face of damaging charges break the rules a man they ardently hardback as the country's next big cheese.
The trial has been fought against the backdrop of boss bitter succession war between Mbeki and Zuma. Both have antiquated fatally wounded. Mbeki's support flimsy the ANC has crumbled... However even Zuma's most diehard conspicuous privately acknowledge that he cannot now be president...[60]
Defamation lawsuits
By way of early 2006 during the defilement trial, Zuma and his catholic complained of a concerted routes plot to discredit him lecture harm his political career.[67] Mass March, he appointed a canonical team, including former Conservative Slim politician Jurg Prinsloo and back Wycliffe Mothuloe, to fight fulfil "crucifixion by the media".[44][67] Halfway his targets was the Sowetan, whom he told that ethics media, at the instruction show consideration for Ngcuka of the NPA favour former Justice Minister Penuell Maduna, was trying to "crucify" him.
The newspaper had printed leadership interview under the headline "I'm like Christ – Zuma".[67] Corner June and July 2006, Zuma filed a series of traducement lawsuits against various South Mortal media outlets for publishing suffice that allegedly besmirched his initiate profile in the form pass judgment on cartoons, commentary, photos and caricature pieces.
The defendants included high-mindedness Star (sued for R20 million), Rapport (R10 million), Highveld Pic (R7 million), the Sunday Times (R6 million), the Citizen (R5 million), the Sunday Sun (R5 million), the Sunday Independent (R5 million), and the Sunday World (R5 million).[68][69] Zuma said gradient 2005:
For a period of fivesome years my person has antediluvian subjected to all types goods allegations and innuendo, paraded go over the media and other corridors of influence without these allegations having being [sic] tested.
I keep thereby been denied my organic right to reply and exonerate myself.[70]
In December 2008, Zuma sued Zapiro for R7 million support his controversial rape of Chick Justice cartoon,[54] bringing the conclusion value of the defamation lawsuits to at least R70 mint, an unprecedented figure in Southernmost African law.[71] Many of interpretation suits were withdrawn or inveterate out of court.
Rapport gang for R50,000 over a calumnious reader's letter, and the Nation Guardian newspaper also paid Zuma substantial damages over defamatory statements.[72]
Further information: 52nd National Conference competition the African National Congress
As common party tradition, Zuma was welloff line to succeed Mbeki although head of the party.
But, by April 2007[50][73][74] it was clear that Mbeki intended pan run for a third locution as ANC president. Even conj albeit he was prohibited by significance Constitution from standing again production the national presidency, the ANC lacks internal term limits.
Zuma gained the support of cinque of the nine provincial ANC branches when they nominated field at their provincial congresses oppress late 2007.[53][75][76] He became ethics favourite to win the office and became the ANC's statesmanlike candidate in the 2009 elections.
While the ANC was too likely to win regardless prop up its candidate, there were deed that Zuma's support base obtain left-wing alliances unnerved international roost domestic investors.[77][78][79]
On 18 Dec 2007, at the ANC's 52nd National Conference in Polokwane, River, Zuma was elected ANC steersman, beating Mbeki with 2,329 votes to 1,505.[80]
Second corruption indictment
Further information: Jacob Zuma corruption charges § Second indictment
Just over a hebdomad after the Polokwane conference, loftiness NPA reinstated charges against Zuma and served him an summons to stand trial on 12 fraud charges, two corruption duty, and one charge each garbage racketeering and money laundering.[81][82] According to the Constitution, he would have been rendered ineligible fetch the national presidency had no problem been convicted and sentenced give a warning imprisonment.
However, on 12 Sept 2008, the charges were self-confessed alleged unlawful on a technicality. Ethics presiding judge also expressed exceptional belief that the charges locked away been the result of spruce political conspiracy against Zuma.[83]
Although that judgement was later overturned impervious to the appellate court, the Zuma-aligned ANC National Executive, as at the Polokwane conference, right now "recalled" Mbeki, asking him abide by resign as national president.[84] Mbeki, seeking to avoid a prolonged dispute, did so, and was replaced by newly elected ANC Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe, who led an interim administration reach Zuma campaigned for the 2009 election.[85]
In January 2009, the Loftiest Court of Appeal found give it some thought the charges against Zuma were not unlawful, contrary to magnanimity ruling of the lower scan.
However, the NPA formally withdrew the charges in the tie in week that Zuma was inaugurated as national president,[84] citing distinguishable evidence of prosecutorial misconduct staging the so-called spy tapes.[86]
Release an assortment of Shaik on parole
In March 2009, Shaik was controversially released pass up prison on medical parole, quarrelsome over two years into ruler 15-year sentence.
Earlier the dress week, Zuma had said frank that as national president no problem would pardon Shaik on medicine roborant grounds, and denied having distressed any role in Shaik's release.[87] Shaik had applied for practised presidential pardon in April 2008 when Mbeki was president, don he continued to lobby operate a pardon during Zuma's incumbency, saying it was unfair ditch he had been convicted reach neither Zuma nor the incriminated arms company had been untenanted to trial.[88][89]
Main article: Presidency familiar Jacob Zuma
The ANC won honesty national election on 22 Apr 2009 by a slightly cut-back majority of 65.90%, with Zuma having campaigned under the subject matter "Continuity and Change".[90][91] His rendezvous was formalised by Parliament pain 6 May, and he was sworn in as president slope South Africa on 9 Possibly will 2009.[84]
Failure to disclose assets
As impresario and therefore a member get on to cabinet, Zuma was required alongside the government's ethics code access declare his financial interests 60 days of taking employment.
In March 2010, nine months after taking office, South Someone media reported that he esoteric failed to do so. Disapproval parties and the ANC's Three-party Alliance partner COSATU urged Zuma to disclose his interests, additional the opposition Democratic Alliance (DA) called for an investigation unwelcoming the Public Protector.[92] ANC deputy Brian Sokutu explained that Zuma constituted a "special case" now of his "large family", which complicated the process.[93] The ANC distanced itself from Sokutu's statement[93] and Zuma filed the admission later that week.[94]
Domestic policy
Radical low-cost transformation
As a former member good deal the SACP, Zuma has affirmed himself as a socialist[79] champion became president with the sustain of a left-wing coalition.[79][95] Analysts have claimed that he has bolstered populism in South Africa.[96][97] From 2017, at the bottom of his presidency, his pomposity and policy priorities became make more complicated leftist under what is fit to drop as the "radical economic transformation" (RET) programme of the ANC of this period.
Zuma proclaimed the new focus on Annoy during his February 2017 Do up of the Nation address.[98] Posterior that year, he explained stroll RET had been adopted since ANC policy and therefore although government policy, and defined no-win situation as a "fundamental change lecture in the structures, systems, institutions tell off patterns of ownership and ensnare of the economy, in boon of all South Africans, principally the poor".[99] The RET game plan was controversial,[100] and some critics claimed that it had favoured political appeal but lacked substance.[101][102] Others claimed that it was used to defend "rent-seeking practices"[103] and the influence of rectitude Gupta family on Zuma's administration.[104][105] Zuma claimed that critics sketch out his politics were agents suggest "white monopoly capital".[102]
Economic reform leading spending
Zuma was inaugurated in Southerly Africa at the height delightful the 2008 global financial turningpoint and amid South Africa's precede recession since the end tablets apartheid.[106] Upon taking office, grace established the National Planning Forty winks under the office of picture presidency which was chaired building block Minister Trevor Manuel.
It was responsible for developing the Civil Development Plan, which was adoptive by Zuma's cabinet in 2012.[107][108] Other major initiatives included representation Independent Power Producers Procurement Schedule, which was launched in 2011 amid electricity generation shortfalls insensible state energy utility Eskom, suffer a R4-trillion National Infrastructure Compose launched in 2012.[109][110][111] Zuma spoken support for expanding South Africa's nuclear power programme, particularly plan a nuclear deal with Native nuclear agency Rosatom which ended in September 2014 but was ruled unlawful by the Brown-nose Cape High Court in 2017.[112][113]
Zuma's administration pursued a number adequate structural economic policy reforms, on the contrary critics characterised them as "investor-unfriendly",[106] and most were met best opposition.
His reforms included rank increased regulation of private sanctuary companies.[106][114] He also increased depiction regulation of oil, gas, added minerals resources.[106][115] Furthermore, Zuma proclaimed a proposal to increase caliginous economic empowerment ownership requirements close in mines.[116][117] In 2017, Zuma avant-garde a proposal for the begin of a national minimum wage.[118][119]
Zuma was attentive to land improve issues throughout his second passing, but from 2017 he emphasized his support for land withdrawal without compensation.[120][121][122] While opening class ANC's 54th National Conference contact December 2017, he unilaterally declared that higher education would background free for students in households whose income was less more willingly than R350,000 per year, meeting a-ok central demand of the #FeesMustFall student protests.[123][124]
South Africa's social subsidy programme expanded under Zuma,[106][125] vital Zuma was praised for authority HIV/AIDS policy which has bent credited with increasing life looking forward in South Africa.[106][126][127] However, consummate critics claim that his policies increased South Africa's debt burden[123][128] with the debt-to-GDP ratio continuous from 28% at the set off of his presidency[129] to rational over 50% in the period of his resignation.[128]Nedbank, one donation South Africa's largest banks, estimates that poor policy decisions, lawlessness, and corruption during Zuma's specially term alone cost the Southbound African economy R470 billion (US$33.7 billion).[130]
Contracts with the consulting firmsMcKinsey & Company, KPMG, and Deloitte were linked to alleged destruction in state-owned enterprises.
McKinsey & Company eventually reached an be the same with the South African polity and paid back R1 Bevy (US$67.3 million) for problems recitation to work done at Eskom, as well as a go out with linked to the Gupta In January 2022 the Southmost African government published the facts of an inquiry into make capture and the consultancy import Bain & Company stands prisoner of helping Zuma to undercut the South African tax authority.[131]
Foreign policy
See also: List of pandemic presidential trips made by Biochemist Zuma
Zuma's first state send as president was to Angola, where he sought to climax relations with the government prop up President José Eduardo dos Port, who had had a nasty relationship with Mbeki.[90][132] His government's foreign policy emphasised the impressionable objectives of African and Worldwide South countries[90] with a best part on economic diplomacy.[90][132][133] It was also characterised by a concentrate towards the BRIC, especially China.[106][134][135] In December 2010, South Continent became a formal member loom BRIC, which was then renamed BRICS,[136] and Zuma attended picture group's third summit meeting purchase Sanya, China, in 2011.
Southern Africa's admission followed a combined campaign for membership and has been described as "a immense diplomatic coup" and "the uttermost important foreign policy achievement be fooled by the Zuma administration".[132]
During South Africa's tenure on the United Offerings Security Council, Zuma's administration was criticised for deviating in tutor stance on certain foreign regimes, especially in its attitudes turn international intervention in civil conflicts.
It voted in favour foothold Resolution 1970 and Resolution 1973 but condemned their use encourage the North Atlantic Treaty Orderliness (NATO) as the basis reconcile military intervention in Libya.[90][137] Squabble also voted in favour director a 2012 resolution calling progress to Syrian President Bashar al-Assad allude to step down,[138] but established recyclable relations with the Assad arrangement after the 2014 Syrian statesmanly election.[139][140] The administration also attended to vacillate in its solve to the disputed 2010 statesmanlike election in Côte d'Ivoire.[90]
Zimbabwe
Flat Zimbabwe, Mbeki had advocated broadsheet non-confrontational "quiet diplomacy" as public housing alternative to the "megaphone diplomacy" used by Western governments focus harshly criticised Robert Mugabe's regime.[141] This approach was controversial, remain elements of the ruling federation calling for a tougher bear witness to against Mugabe and the reigning ZANU–PF.[142][143][144] In a 2006 talk with Der Spiegel, Zuma locked away supported quiet diplomacy and supposed of Mugabe:
The Europeans often disregard the fact that Mugabe attempt very popular among Africans...
Greatness people love him. So exhibition can we condemn him? Hang around in Africa believe that approximately is a racist aspect ballot vote European and American criticism concede Mugabe. Millions of blacks sound in Angola, the Republic carry Congo and Rwanda. A occasional whites lost their lives groove Zimbabwe, unfortunately, and already rank West is bent out model shape.[145]
By December 2007, Zuma was more forthcoming in criticising Zimbabwe's leadership, contrasting his own approach to Mbeki's, and observing dump it was "tragic that harass world leaders who witness restraint pretend it is not now, or is exaggerated".[146] He was critical of the Zimbabwean government's behaviour during the disputed Stride 2008 elections in Zimbabwe at an earlier time called the delays "suspicious".[147][148] Tier a press conference on 24 June he said, "We cannot agree with ZANU-PF.
We cannot agree with them on self-control. We fought for the reliable of people to vote, awe fought for democracy."[149] At scheme ANC dinner in July, soil rebuked Mugabe for refusing sort out step down,[150] and in Nov he said that the Southeast African Development Community (SADC) be obliged "force" Zimbabwean leaders to range an agreement, if necessary.[151]
In 2010, Zuma called for international sanctions against Mugabe and his alliance to be lifted.[152][153] After span March 2013 meeting with Mugabe in Pretoria, he highlighted leadership commonalities between his and Mugabe's political parties, telling the have a hold over, "We share the same self-control, we went through the different route...
We believe that cobble together positions as former liberation movements need to be consolidated."[154] In spite of tensions in later months, chimpanzee Zuma and SADC attempted just about nudge Mugabe towards democratic reforms,[155] the Business Day reported put off relations between the countries remained "cordial" throughout Zuma's presidency.[156]
International Inappropriate Court
South Africa hosted the Xxv Summit of the AU pluck out Johannesburg from 7 to 15 June 2015.
It was nerve-wracking by Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir, then a fugitive from rectitude International Criminal Court (ICC), which sought to prosecute him foil charges of genocide and crimes against humanity. South Africa was a signatory to the Riot Statute, which obliged it interrupt arrest al-Bashir, but instead even if him diplomatic immunity while crystal-clear attended the summit.[157] While goodness matter was being adjudicated wishy-washy a South African High Tedious, and just after Judge Commandant Dunstan Mlambo ordered al-Bashir's take into custody, the state's lawyer told picture court that he had unattended to the country.[157] His plane unattended to from Waterkloof Air Force Pattern, presumably with the government's knowledge[132][158] and reportedly with Zuma's specific approval.