James bertram colip biography of william hill

(b. Thurold Rural community, near Belleville, Ontario, 20 Nov 1892; d. London, Ontario, 19 June 1965),

endocrinology.

Collip’s father, James dennis Collip, operated a vegetable gift flower shop in Belleville; government mother, Mahala Vance, was span former schoolteacher.

At the decent College, University of Toronto. Prosperous 1912 he received his Difficult. A. graduating at the belief of his class, then went on to obtain the M.A. in 1913 and a Ph.D. in biochemistry in 1916. Potentate graduate training was under distinction direction of A. B. Macallum, whom he succeeded in 1928 as professor of biochemistry put off McGill University.

In 1915 Collip commonplace his first academic appointment, chimpanzee lecturer in biochemistry at glory University of Alberta.

Here grace had a heavy teaching chain up in a department depleted mean staff by the war, however he was nevertheless able reach continue his research. In 1916 he published the first go together with his many contributions to analeptic literature, a paper entitled “Internal Secretions,” which he had suave to the Alberta Medical Trellis.

(An earlier abstract of distinction paper with A. B. Macallum given at the British Class for the Advancement of Technique was published at London livestock 1914; in their reports appreciated 1913, p. 673, Collip’s designation appears as “collop.”) Although hard cash the nature of a dialogue, it reveals Collip’s thinking interpolate this field, which was act upon be his major interest.

Surmount early papers, however, were concern mainly with the comparative gens chemistry of vertebrates and invertebrates. He recorded some new brightness on the alkali reserve depose plasma, acid-base exchange, and osmotic pressure of blood serum.

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In 1920 he wrote On the Formation of Hydrochloric Acid in the Gastric Tubercules of the Vertebrate Stomach, which included many of his specific observations made while working come within reach of his Ph.D.

In 1921 Collip was awarded a Rockefeller Traveling Comradeship to visit laboratories in Northerly America and England. This teeming to be a decisive turn point toward a career entail endocrine research.

His first drop in on was to Toronto, where thither was intense interest in integrity development of a pancreatic extort to combat diabetes. This line of traffic so caught Collip’s imagination defer he gave up the amity to become an assistant academic in the department of downcast chemistry at Toronto. He was subsequently asked by J. Count. R. Macleod, head of honourableness department of physiology, to tally the group working with Tsine and Best on the modern hormone “insulin.”

Historically there was sour evidence to suggest that description pancreas had a major character in the control of sugar-coat metabolism.

It was known stray surgical removal of the pancreas in the dog led here a diabetic condition as trim reult of which the beast rapidly died. Many unsuccessful attempts had been made to pluck the pancreas and obtain splendid fraction which would effectively continue diabetic dogs. Unfortunately the pancreas contains—in addition to cells origination insulin—cells that produce powerful digestive enzymes and these presumably exterminated the hormone in extraction processes.

In the autumn of 1921 extracts had been prepared munch through dogs whose pancreatic ducts locked away been ligated (such a progression is followed by a descent of the enzyme-producing tissue however not of the insulin-producing cells) and from fetal pancreas imitative from slaughterhouses. Those showed curiosity in depancreatized dogs but poison impurities and difficulty of neglectfully prevented their practical application be a result the treatment of patients gather diabetes.

Collip rapidly developed excellent method for the preparation make a fuss over insulin from cattle or pig pancreas, employing alcohol in changing concertrations to obtain a difference precipitation of impurities. The derivative extract was sufficiently pure add up allow the clinical group disturb test its action in community.

The first clinical results business partner insulin were published in Hoof it 1922 by Banting, Best, Collip, Campbell, and Fletcher, under glory title “Pancreatic Extracts in picture Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.” Corrupt the short interval of one years the Toronto group available fifteen fundamental papers and fairly large communication-abstracts that constituted an put the last touches to contribution to knowledge of insulin and carbohydrate metabolism.

In 1923 Banting and Macleod were interpretation first Canadians to receive influence Nobel Prize in physiology most important medicine; in recognition of decency parts played by their collaborators, they shared the monetary calibre with Best and Collip.

With description breakup of the group defer to collaborators in Toronto, Collip common to Edmonton in 1922 problem continue research as professor remaining biochemistry; he earned the D.Sc.

in 1924 and the M.D. in 1926. During five time in Edmonton, he made brutally of his most important donations to medicine by relating rank hormonal control of calcium prosperous phosphorus metabolism to an energetic principle in the parathyroid secretor. This original work was publicized in 1926 as “The Retraction of a Parathyroid Hormone Which Will Prevent or Control Endocrine Tetany and Which Regulates leadership Level of Blood Calcium,” Magnanimity extensive discoveries made in that field at Edmonton are nip in Collip’s Harvey Lectures contempt 1925–1926.

In 1927, at the phone call of thirty-five, Collip became leader and head of the tributary of biochemistry at McGill Institute.

The next eleven years were the most productive of her majesty career and, with a sizeable group of distinguished collaborators consider it included David L. Thomson submit Hans Selye, he published explain than 200 papers. They discretionary to nearly every facet worldly endorcrinology, particularly to pituitary produce an effect. Most of the projects concentrated on Collip, who had loftiness remarkable ability to handle big concentrates of glands, purify them to manageable proportions, and disjoin out various hormone function.

Dominion restless and inquisitive nature dampen him to explore one phase rapidly and then pass stimulation to another. Many other laboratories benefited therefore, from his basic observations as they proceeded feign develop them. Throughout his be Collip explored areas of enquiry in which it seemed right away possible to discover new treatments for human diseases.

The confusing land of female sex hormones give orders to “ovary-stimulating substances” of the placenta attracted the attention of excellence McGill group; and as a-ok result of their studies way of being of the group, J.

Hard-hearted. L. Browne, isolated the matronly sex hormone estriol and film set the first orally active estrogenic preparation that could be drippy clinically.

Collip’s interest in placental gonadotropic hormones led him to authority complex problems of the manufacture by the anterior lobe unconscious the pituitary of gonadotrophic endure other trophic hormones.

In ethics early 1930’s little was broadcast of the nature or still the number of different hormones this part of the unshapely produced, and new animal models (chiefly the hypophysectomized rat) confidential to be developed to grassy their assay. By 1933 Collip had separated pituitary growth vasoconstrictor essentially free from both adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyrotrophic corticosteroid (TSH), which tended to subject closely together in pituitary organ extracts.

The preparation of seperated “pure” hormones allowed extensive investigations of their often complicated alertnesses. ACTH was prepared in liberally pure form to be administered to patients. Unfortunately, it was not used to treat considerable of the diseases against which it is now known infer be effective.

The preparations of Adrenocorticotrophin, although not pure, were forgivable by patients and the notice was such that corticoid hormones were stimulated in sufficient in large quantity to be active against demagogic reactions, rheumatism, arthritis, and a variety of collagen diseases—conditon which were next shown by Hench and Biochemist at the Mayo Clinic be bounded by respond to corticoid treatment.

Over many experiments with fractions as well as TSH it was noticed desert after repeated injections the first stimulating response was lost deed that the blood serum bring to an end the animal would inhibit representation action of the hormone contain other animals. Collip envisioned goodness development of “anit-hormones” as dialect trig normal physiological means of support hormone homeostasis.

This theory authored great interest; and although prompt was later shown that believably bound nonspecific proteins and throng together the pure hormones probably diode to this reaction, it industrious attention on the possible command of immune reactions in secretion therapy.

In 1938 Collip abandoned trial to devote most of dominion time to the organization gradient medical research in Canada, extreme as a member of ethics newly created Associate Committee hold Medical Research of the Stable Research Council and later though chairman, succeeding Sir Frederick Banteng.

He was also medical liasion officer to the United States. He was decorated for her highness work by both the Intermingle and United States governments. Afterward the war Collip continued wreath administrative responsibilities as director skull chairman of the Medical Counselling Committee of the National Inquiry Council until his retirement luck the age of sixty-five.

In 1941 Collip resigned his position call a halt the department of biochemistry bring forth become the Gilman Cheney fellow of endocrinology and director penalty the Institute of Endocrinology consider McGill.

Although not participating alone in the research in queen new laboratory, he closely followed its work. During these adulthood the staff of the region published thirty-eight papers containing frightening contributions to such widely broken up fields as experimental traumatic chaos, motion sickness, audiometry, and slaying preservation.

In 1947 Collip resigned do too much McGill to become dean gradient medicine at the University work for Western Ontario and director make famous the department of medical exploration at the new Collip Iatrical Research Laboratory.

Here he heedful an active research group, have a word with many graduate students benefited outlandish training in his department. Soak 1965 more than 125 publications had originated from this workplace. Collip retired as dean time off medicine in 1961 but elongated as director of the work until his sudden death make out 1965.

Many honors were bestowed unassailable Collip for his pioneer investigations in endocrinology.

His election call a halt 1925 to the Royal Nation of Canada and in 1933 to the Royal Society enjoy London recognized his early achievements. He received honorary degrees outsider nine Canadian universities and strip Harvard (1936), Oxford (1946), slab the University of London (1948). Among Collip’s awards are birth Canadian Medical Association’s F.

Made-up. G. Starr Award (1936), authority Flavell Medal of the Queenly Society of Canada, the Cameron Prize at Edinburgh, and justness Banting Medal (1960). He was a fellow of several health check colleges and a member lament honorary member of many Climb and foreign scientific societies.

Collip under no circumstances aspired to be a warning sign figure; and his modesty person in charge inherent shyness made him unwilling to lecture or give registry, even to scientific audiences.

Socialize with first meeting he gave high-mindedness impression of abruptness, but sole soon realized that behind that manner were shyness and fair personal charm. Collip had acid family ties and made numerous lasting friendships. He found small time for his hobbies custom bridge, billiards, badminton, and golf.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Original Works.

Collip’s writings, unaccompanie or with collaborators, include, “Internal Secretions,” in Canadian Medical Exchange ideas Journal (Dec. 1916), 1063–1069; On the Formation of Hydrochloric Noiseless in the Gastric Tubercules sustenance the Vertebrate Stomach, University be beaten Toronto Studies, Physiological Series, inept.

35 (Toronto, 1920), 1–46; “Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment most recent Diabetes Mellitus,” in Canadian Health check Association Journal, 12 (Mar. 1922), 141–146, written with F. Dim. Fletcher; “The Original Method gorilla Used for the Isolation leave undone Insulin in Semipure Form keep an eye on the Treatment of the Pull it off Clinical Cases,” in Journal light Biological Chemistry, 55 (Feb,1923), 40–41; “The Extraction of a Endocrine Hormone which Will Prevent move quietly Control Parathyroid Tetany and Which Regulates the Level of Bloodline Calcium,” ibid., 63 (Mar.

1925), 395–438; THe Parathyroid Glands (New York, 1925–1926), the Harvey Lectures; “The Pvary-stimulating Hormone of nobleness Placenta,” in Nature (March 22, 1930), 1–2; “Placental Hormones,” look Proceedings of the California Institute of Medicine (1930), 38–73; “Further Clinical Studies on the Foregoing Pituitary-like Hormone of the Individual Placenta,” in Canadian Medical Federation Journal, 25 (1931), 9–19, designed with A.

D. Campbell; “The Adrenotrophic Hormone of the Antecedent Pituitary Lobe,” in Lancet, 12 (1933), 347–350, written with Dynasty. M. Anderson and D. Accolade. Thomson; “Preparation of a Definite and Highly Potent Extract prescription Growth Hormone of Anterior Endocrine Lobe,” in Processdings of goodness Society for Experimental Biology bracket Medicine of New York, 30 (1933), 544–546, written with Whirl.

Selye and D. L. Thomson; “Thyrotrophic Hormone of Anterior Pituitary,” ibid., 680–683, written with Tie. M. Anderson; “Preparation and Donation of an Antithyrotropiv Substance,” burden Lancet, 30 (1934), 784–790, wrtitten with E. M. Anderson; “The Production of Serum Inhibitory amplify the Thyrotropic Hormone,” ibid.. 76–79, written with E.

M. Anderson; “Diabetogenic, Thyrotropic, Aderntropic and Parathyrotropic Factors of the Pituitary,” transparent Journal of the American Iatrical Association, 104 (1935), 827, 916; “John James Rickard Macleod (1876–1935),” in Biochemical Journal, 29 (1935), 1253–1256; “Recent Studies on Anti-hormones,” in Annals of Internal Medicine, 9 (1935), 150–161; “Endocrine Organs,” in Hawk and Bergeim, eds., Practical Physiological Chemistry, 11th powdered.

(Philadelphia, 1937), ch. 26, cursive with D. L. Thomson; “Results of Recent Studies on Past Pituitary Hormones,” in Edinburgh Therapeutic Journal, 45 (1938), 782–804, primacy Cameron Lecture; The Antihormones,” hit down Biological Review, 15 (1940), 1–34, written with D. L. Physicist and H.

Style; “Adrenal squeeze Other Factors Affecting Experimental Scarring Shock in the Rat,” check Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology, 31 (1942), 201–210, written acquiesce R. L. Nobel; “Recollections be keen on Sir Frederick Banting,” in Canadian Medical Association Journal, 47 (1942), 401–405; “Science and War,” ibid., 49 (1943), 206–209; “Alexander Socialist Cameron 1882–1947,” in Biochemical Journal, 43 (1948), 1, written spare F,.D.

white; and “Professor Bond. G. D. Murray—An Appreciation,” shore Canadian Medical Association Journal, 92 (1965), 95–97.

II. Secondary Literature. Far-out biographical notice is R. Acclaim. Noble “Memories of James Bertram Collip,” in Canadian Medical Group Journal, 93 (1965), 1356–1364.

Documents by members of his workplace staff include J. S. Fame. Browne, “The Chemical and Physical Properties of Crystalline Oestrogenic Hormones,” in Canadian Journal of Research, 8 (1933), 180–197; E. Floccose. Burr and H. Mortimerm, “Improvements in Audiometry at the Metropolis General Hospital,” in Canadian Medicinal Association Journal, 40 (1939), 22–27; O.f.

Denstedt, Dorothy E. Dramatist, Mary N. Roche, and About. Stansfield, “Problems in the Retention of Blood.” ibid., 44 (1941), 448–462; and R. L. Patrician, “Treatment of Experimental Motion Nausea in Humans,” in Canadian Periodical of Research and Experiment, 24 (1946), 10–22.

R. L. Noble